Sociology Of Disability (Hardcover)

In the mainstream society people have to face lots of stigma
and hardships in their entire life but these stigma and hardships become unbearable when disability, Hijra, poor, women etc. words add with them. Neglect, dishonor, hostile, unfriendly social settings, prejudice, superstition, discrimination, exploitation become common phenomenon in their daily life. But they try to survive overcoming their impairments and limitations. Baby’s disability is responsible for the sinful acts of the family or parents. Disability that occurs in later life may be explained by divine punishment of the individual or the community in which the individual resides. Disability stigmatizes a whole family, lowering their status or even leading to total social exclusion. Sociology of disability holds that disability is the outcome of social barriers that restrict the activities of people with impairments. Usually, people with disabilities are socially and economically marginalized. In general, they and their families are considered the poorest of the poor and are excluded from basic opportunities and services related to health, education and employment. In developing and developed countries, this group faces higher risks of poverty and impoverishment; has higher rates of unemployment and underemployment and lower education levels. These aspects reduce their human capital and increase their risk of being chronically poor. In the case of disability, women with disabilities face higher levels of discrimination and oppression. Besides these, the hijra are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human being with dignity. Their deprivations are grounded in non-recognition as a separate gendered human being beyond the male-female dichotomy.